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Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013
The Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013 ((アイルランド語:An tAcht um Chosaint na Beatha le linn Toirchis 2013);〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Legislation Signed by President Higgins: 2013 )〕 Act No.35 of 2013;〔 previously Bill No.66 of 2013) is an Act of the Oireachtas which defines the circumstances and processes within which abortion in Ireland can be legally performed. The Act gives effect in statutory law to the terms of the Constitution as interpreted by the Supreme Court in the 1992 judgment ''Attorney General v. X'' (the "X case"). That judgment allowed for abortion where pregnancy endangers a woman's life, including through a risk of suicide. The provisions relating to suicide have been the most contentious part of the bill. Having passed both Houses of the Oireachtas in July 2013, it was signed into law on 30 July by Michael D. Higgins, the President of Ireland, and commenced on 1 January 2014.
==Background==
(詳細はOffences against the Person Act 1861, unlawfully attempting to procure a miscarriage was a crime punishable by up to life imprisonment.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Offences Against the Person Act 1861, sec.58 )〕 A 1983 amendment to the 1937 Constitution guarantees to vindicate the "right to life of the unborn" with due regard for "the equal right to life of the mother". Proponents of the amendment believed that it would guarantee abortion could never be allowed in any circumstances. However, in 1992 the Supreme Court ruled in ''Attorney General v. X'' that abortion was permitted where pregnancy presented "a real and substantial risk to the life, as distinct from the health, of the mother", including where the risk was through suicide. There were two attempts to amend the Constitution to explicitly rule out suicide as grounds for abortion. These were rejected at referendums in 1992 and in 2002; some no-voters felt the restriction was too strong and others that it was not strong enough. No legislation was passed to amend the 1861 act in the light of the 1992 judgment.
In December 2010, in the case ''A, B and C v Ireland'', the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) ruled that the state had infringed a complainant's rights by not providing clear information on whether she was entitled to an abortion. The state had a year to respond officially, and after the 2011 general election, the new coalition government decided in December 2011 to appoint an expert group to advise on how to implement the ECtHR judgment. The committee reported in November 2012, offering four possibilities: 1) non-statutory guidelines 2) statutory regulations 3) legislation only and 4) legislation plus regulations. Following the death of Savita Halappanavar in Galway on 28 October of maternal septicemia after a miscarriage, her husband and friends told local pro-choice groups they blamed her death on the denial of her request for an abortion; ''The Irish Times'' broke the story on 12 November and it fed into the wider abortion debate. In December, the government decided to pursue option 4 in the expert group's report: legislation plus regulations.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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